Long Li, ... Fusuo Zhang, in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition), 2013. The most widespread form of agroforestry, in terms of the area involved, is perhaps the extensive intercropping under scattered stand of trees, particularly in the semiarid regions of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. They also create sheltered microclimates that improves the yield and quality of crops growing in the alleys. A mature stand of maize (Zea mays) under a sparse stand of Faidherbia albida trees in Malawi. But, the merits or demerits of alley cropping, or for that matter, any agroforestry technology, cannot be judged on the basis of any single criterion or short-term result. This means that a risk-averse farmer in this scenario would prefer alley cropping to monocropping. Generalizing these results, it appears that if yields are jeopardized under future climate scenarios, alley cropping under some plausible condition eventually surpasses monocropping as the preferred system from a financial perspective. The biomass obtained by pruning the trees and shrubs during the crop-growing season is put back to the alleys as a source of mulch and green manure. Many studies on alley cropping, of both biophysical and socioeconomic nature, were undertaken in various parts of the tropics during the 1980s and 1990s. Alley cropping is the cultivation of food, forage or specialty crops between rows of trees. Definition of alley cropping. Black walnut, Juglans nigra, is the most widely used tree for alley cropping in North America. That’s right, the lunchbox special enveloping all food groups between two slices of bread is named for the 4th Earl of Sandwich, an English aristocrat who lived in the 1700s. Grass buffers (Chu et al., 2010; Lin et al., 2010) can remove about 80% of antibiotics. Numerous researchers have reported improvements in physical and chemical soil parameters by AGF in silvopasture, Seobi et al., 2005; Kumar et al., 2008, 2010; Sauer and Hernandez-Ramirez, 2011, Udawatta et al., 2009; Paudel et al., 2011, Mungai et al., 2005; Sauer and Hernandez-Ramirez, 2011, Budowski and Russo, 1997; Rao et al., 1998; Adejuyigbe et al., 1999, Lin et al., 2004, 2010, 2011; Mandelbaum et al., 1993. For instance, Kang and Gutteridge (1994) evaluated alley cropping systems involving pruned hedges of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and crops of maize. Information block about the term. — Statesman Journal (Oregon), 29 Jan. 2010. 14.5, 14.7, 14.9–14.12) (Seobi et al., 2005; Kumar et al., 2008, 2010; Sauer and Hernandez-Ramirez, 2011). The common spacing adopted is 12.5 m between tree rows and 3 m between trees within a row (270 trees ha−1). Qual. Figure 1. The trees provide food, fuel, fodder, medicinal products, building materials, and saleable commodities. In these systems, one may often see a row of trees followed by multiple rows of agricultural plants such as corn; however, numerous other examples can be found in the literature (e.g., Barker 1990, MacDicken 1990, and Van Den Beldt 1990). In interpreting the results of these studies, some experts have used the data to defend alley cropping, others to denigrate it. and grapes (Vitis spp.) A large number of tree/shrub species have been tried as hedgerow species in association with a number of agricultural crops in different situations. P.K. A collective name for land-use systems and practices in which woody perennials are deliberately integrated with crops and animals on the same land management unit. In between, the trees are various crops. in Europe, with pecan (Carya illinoensis) trees in southeastern USA, and with paulownia (Paulownia spp.) The photo shows Gliricidia sepium grown with maize (Zea mays), a practice followed by thousands of farmers in eastern and southern Africa. In addition to the other benefits of alley cropping, planting the hedgerows along the contour can help to control erosion. A form of intercropping sometimes used in the tropics in which crop plants are grown between hedgerows of shrubs or trees (typically leguminous ones), which can provide animal fodder, fuel, shade, or … The provision of nutrients through decomposing mulch, a basic feature of alley cropping, depends on the quantity of the mulch as well as on its quality and time of application. J. Environ. It was hypothesized that by integrating such woody species into food crop production systems in simultaneous combinations, some of the benefits of natural fallows of shifting cultivation could be realized. The integration can be either in a spatial mixture or in a temporal sequence. The provision of nutrients through decomposing mulch, a basic feature of alley cropping, depends on the quantity of the mulch as well as on its quality and time of application. A new version of this is to intercrop rows of solar photovoltaic modules with agriculture crops. Figure 14.15. Root length per unit soil volume (m m−3 or cm cm−3). Crop light use efficiency is defined as the slope of the linear relationship between accumulated biomass and cumulative intercepted light. Which of these tobacco products is a variation on the last name of the guy who introduced it? The biomass, sometimes called prunings, obtained by pruning the trees and shrubs, is a source of mulch and green manure. All of these issues have contributed to poor rates of farmer adoption of the alley-cropping technology. There are also some issues of pest management problems of mixed species stands as well as newly introduced species, and tree–crop competition for growth resources such as nutrients, water, and light. Diverse microbial communities growing in the root zone metabolize pollutants by numerous biochemical processes and produce less harmful compounds and CO2 (Lin et al., 2004, 2010, 2011; Mandelbaum et al., 1993). DICTIONARY.COM The driving force behind most temperate-zone alley cropping is economic benefits from the intercrop. The practice consists of growing arable crops between hedgerows of planted shrubs and trees, preferably leguminous species that are periodically pruned to prevent shading to crops (Figure 2). The trees that are most common include Faidherbia albida, Parkia biglobosa, and Vitelleria paradoxa. Other similar systems in the temperate regions include the traditional intercropping practice used in the establishment of fruit and nut trees including olive (Olea spp.) Black walnut (Juglans nigra), a valuable timber- and nut-producing tree is the species most widely used in alley cropping in North America (Figure 3). Biodegradation of antibiotics in runoff from grazing watersheds with AGF practices were observed by Chu et al. Get the most popular abbreviation for Alley Cropping updated in 2020 trees in China. Figure 3. The issue of high labor demand is associated with the pruning of the shrubs and the incorporation of the biomass in the field. Dictionary.com Unabridged trees in China. The issue of high labor demand is associated with the pruning of the shrubs and the incorporation of the biomass in the field. Fast-growing, coppicing, nitrogen-fixing shrubs and trees (“Fertilizer Trees”) are grown in rows 4–8 m apart in crop fields and pruned periodically (4–6 week intervals); the succulent and easily decomposable tree biomass so obtained is returned to the cropped alleys as a source of nutrient for crops. How acquainted are you with the people who inspired these words? Many of these benefits were explained in previous sections. How to abbreviate Alley Cropping? The driving force behind most temperate-zone alley cropping is economic benefits from the intercrop. On sloping land hedgerows should always be placed on the contour. What Is The Difference Between “It’s” And “Its”? Agriculturists have a long history of enhancing crop growth by manipulating soil and plant microclimates, through use of irrigation, glasshouses, shelterbelts and windbreaks, snow fences, wind machines, surface mulches, certain tillage practices, alley cropping, and agroforestry. Policy support for large-scale adoption of agroforestry practices: Experience from Africa and Asia. If the ecological conditions do not favor the production of sufficient quantities of mulch (as is the case in dry tropics), there is no perceptible advantage in practicing alley cropping. In addition to nutrients, the hedges serve as windbreaks and reduce erosion. studies the half-life was 2.1 and 7.6 days in poplar and control treatments, respectively, for sulfamethazine. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, pp. In some instances, alley cropping can be used to convert marginal cropland to a permanent forest cover. Rows of quick-growing, deep-rooted trees are planted a few yards apart, with rows of crops such as sorghum in between. He said his cousin had been found dead in an alley and he had to rush home. Alley Cropping (aus dem Englischen, auf Deutsch so viel wie bebaute Verbindungsgänge oder bebaute Gassen) ist ein Anbausystem von Baum- bzw.Buschreihen in Abwechslung mit Feldfrüchten oder Futterpflanzen. Fast-growing, coppicing, nitrogen-fixing shrubs and trees are grown in rows 4–8 m apart in crop fields and pruned periodically (4–6 week intervals); the succulent and easily decomposable tree biomass so obtained is returned to the cropped alleys as a source of nutrient for crops. vegetative means for reducing erosion instead of expensive terracing (NRCS, 1991). The practice is therefore considered as extensive intercropping or silvopasture. This tree-row and alley arrangement allows the use of farm machinery and equipment and reduces the need for manual labor. trees in China. Alley croppingmeans planting crops between rows of trees to provide income while the trees mature. In the Lin et al. Ramachandran Nair, in Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, 2014. He turned into an alley, down which, nautically speaking, he rolled into a shabby little court. In the temperate region, alley cropping refers to growing agricultural (herbaceous) crops in the wide alleys between rows of trees; each tree row bordering the alley could be single-, double-, or multiple-row thick. Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field. In interpreting the results of these studies, some experts have used the data to defend alley cropping, others to denigrate it. The main motivation and rationale for alley cropping were the perceived soil-improving potential of fast-growing, leguminous woody species and their ability to withstand repeated cutting. Alley cropping definition, a method of planting in which rows of trees are interspersed with rows of crops, improving the soil and providing nutrients, particularly nitrogen, to the crops. Alley Cropping Conservation Practice Job Sheet 311 April 1997 Definition Alley cropping is the planting of trees or shrubs in two or more sets of single or multiple rows with agronomic, horticultural, or forage crops cultivated in the alleys between the rows of woody plants. Courtesy of S. Jose. Trait-based agroecology has emerged as one of the dominant paradigms in terrestrial ecology (Martin and Isaac, 2018). It was hypothesized that by integrating these woody species into food crop production systems in simultaneous combinations, some of the benefits of natural long-term fallows such as recycling nutrients, suppressing weeds, and controlling erosion on sloping land, could be realized without having to keep the land out of agricultural production. Figure 3. The photo shows an alley-cropping plot of black walnut and maize (Zea mays) in Indiana, USA. A key issue concerning alley cropping is its ecological adaptability. Tropical alley cropping. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Introduction to Forestry and Natural Resources, Agroforestry: Trees in Support of Sustainable Agriculture☆, Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems. other means until the alley cropping design is fully functional. Alley cropping is a specific practice in which trees or shrubs and agricultural crops are grown in alternate rows. Ranjith P. Udawatta, ... Shibu Jose, in Soil Health and Intensification of Agroecosytems, 2017. In the tropics, alley cropping was developed by researchers in the 1970s and 1980s in an attempt to find alternatives to the long-term fallows of shifting cultivation. Why Do “Left” And “Right” Mean Liberal And Conservative? Gold, in Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes, 2020. Written by Doug Crouch Alley Cropping While known widely in the agroforestry realm, this technique of inserting lines of trees within croplands is being explored more and more as farm scale Permaculture takes off. Two or more than two crop (tree) species are grown simultaneously on the same field in alternative row(s) or mixture with no distinct row arrangement. The spacing between sets is determined by the primary purpose of the alley cropping and the agronomic, horticultural, or forage crop grown. According to row arrangement and cogrowth time, intercropping can be divided into three types: mixed, relay, and strip intercropping. The trees are commonly pruned to limit the shading of the agricultural crop. Relatively limited ecological adaptability and comparatively higher labor demand are the two key issues concerning alley cropping. The practice consists of growing arable crops between hedgerows of planted shrubs and trees, preferably leguminous species that are periodically pruned to prevent shading to crops (Figure 1). Figure 2. 14.14) (Mungai et al., 2005; Sauer and Hernandez-Ramirez, 2011). Alley cropping is a specific practice in which trees or shrubs and agricultural crops are grown in alternate rows (Figure 11.31). Agroforestry also improves biological soil parameters (Udawatta et al., 2009; Paudel et al., 2011). The understorey species include both crops such as millet, cassava (Manihot esculenta), cotton (Gossypium sp. Alley cropping is broadly defined as the plant- ing of two or more sets of single or multiple rows of trees or shrubs at wide spacings, creat- ing alleys within which agricultural, horticul- tural, or forage crops are cultivated. In temperate regions, alley cropping refers to growing herbaceous (agricultural) crops in the wide alleys between rows of trees that are planted in single or grouped rows (Table 1). More than Fertiiilll iii ty:: The IIImportance of Mulll ch and Organiii c Matter Between-row spacing is primarily determined by machinery width, mature size of nut tree species, with secondary considerations for sunlight requirements of the alley crop. I cannot put my own case to the Admiralty although the machines are wanted for overland tactics—a fatal blind alley. Quite a large amount of research has been conducted on various aspects of this system, especially in the eastern and Mid-western USA and Canada. Indeed, alley cropping was the most widely researched topic in tropical agroforestry during the 1980s and much of the 1990s. A pine (Pinus sp.) Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2021. a method of planting in which rows of trees are interspersed with rows of crops, improving the soil and providing nutrients, particularly nitrogen, to the crops. In the tropics, alley cropping was developed in the 1970s and 1980s in an effort to find alternatives to long-fallow shifting cultivation. Lin, C.H., Goyne, K.W., Kremer, R.J., Lerch, R.N., Garrett, H.E., 2010. Silvoarable practice involving Sorbus domestica trees in vineyards; Montpellier, France. All these issues have contributed to poor rates of farmer adoption of the alley-cropping technology. Also in contrast to grains, horticulture crops are more sensitive to weather-induced reduction in product quality or market value. It means having more than one type of crop growing in the same space at the same time. Truly it was a most enjoyable season and experience, but there is no joy without its alley here below—not even at the North Pole! See more. Studies that evaluate the complex linkages between functional traits, functional diversity and ecosystem functioning have recently begun to explore concepts surrounding “multifunctionality,” the idea that multiple ecosystem functions should be considered as a management goal. Alley cropping or hedgerow intercropping is an agroforestry practice in which perennial, usually leguminous trees or shrubs are grown simultaneously with an arable crop. Tropical alley cropping. Following that, many studies on alley cropping were undertaken in various parts of the tropics. Photo credit: ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya. and grapes (Vitis spp.) Alley cropping is known to be one of the methods of farming wherein the various trees are placed in wide spaces. Forest farming is also called multi-story cropping. The design and operation of such modifications require considerable information on the mean, extremes, and interannual variability of climate at the specific location where the practice is implemented. With closer spacing, the intercrop grown in the alley will encounter light competition at an earlier age, requiring a more rapid change to shade-tolerant intercrops (Wilson et al., 2018). Infiltration through the soil profile because of improved soil physical parameters was the initial mechanism of reduction of losses of antibiotics to water (Krutz et al., 2004; Lin et al., 2004). However, despite the gains and various other potential benefits of alley cropping, planned increases in crop yields are not always met (Kang and Gutteridge 1994). (2004, 2007, 2010, 2011) reported shorter half-life and faster degradation of herbicides, antibiotics, and degradation products in multispecies AGF buffers (Fig. Weather extremes may have multiyear impacts on agricultural crops grown as perennials (e.g., fruits, nuts, and grapes), which raises the cost-effectiveness of microclimate modifications for reducing such extremes. Various aspects of this practice have received considerable research attention in the eastern and Midwestern USA and Canada. Besides, leguminous woody species add nitrogen to the system through biological nitrogen fixation. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Besides, leguminous woody species add nitrogen to the system through biological nitrogen fixation. They attributed these benefits to diverse microbial communities, exudates, and chemistry in the soils. The area needed for sole cropping to produce the same amount of crops as produced in 1 ha of intercropping or mixed cropping. alley cropping in northwest Florida, USA. Es ist eine Methode der Agroforstwirtschaft.Häufig werden für die Gehölzreihen Hülsenfrüchtler (Leguminosen) verwendet. Inga alley-cropping is a system of deep mulching using pruned green leaves from the trees which are contour-planted in hedgerows. Parkland system. Basically, one or a few (mixed) tree species, usually biological nitrogen fixers, are planted at high density as a substitute to natural fallow, to achieve the benefits of the latter in a shorter time of 2–3 years versus 15–20 years of natural fallow. The alley cat and her kittens would have mugged him already. The practice is therefore considered as extensive intercropping or silvopasture. Black walnut (Juglans nigra), a valuable timber- and nut-producing tree, is the species most widely used in alley cropping in North America (Figure 2). Photo: USDA National Agroforestry Center Annual crops, like corn, provide annual income while long-term crops like walnuts mature. Trees or shrubs are generally planted in a single- or multiple-row set or series. 14.15) (Yang et al., 2011, 2012). cropping. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. noun alley cropping a method of planting in which rows of trees are interspersed with rows of crops, improving the soil and providing nutrients, particularly nitrogen, to the crops. This practice is called agrivoltaics. Growth of the same sole crop on the same field. Key issues concerning alley cropping are its ecological adaptability and labor demand. The trees help to prevent the soil from being blown or washed away. Soil conservation in gently sloping lands could be an additional advantage. Silvopasturecombines trees with livestock and their forages on one piece of land. Other similar systems in the temperate regions include the traditional intercropping practice used in the establishment of fruit and nut trees, including olive (Olea spp.) Growing of field crops in between two widely spaced rows of fast growing trees C. Growing of only short duration crops in between two widely spaced rows of fast growing trees The understory species include both crops (millet, cassava, cotton, maize, and others depending on climatic and soil conditions) as well as grasses for animal grazing, where animals are let loose for grazing over crop residues and grasses. This project focuses on alley cropping and other agroforestry practices as a means to reduce soil erosion, improve soil fertility and sustainability and to increase farmer income in subtropical and tropical environments, through research on tree species and varieties and management of … For instance, the desirable red coloration on some fruits is sensitive to optimal amounts of solar radiation at a critical stage. But, the merits or demerits of alley cropping or, for that matter, any agroforestry technology cannot be judged on the basis of any single criterion or short-term result. Another agroforestry technology that has been promoted, especially in nutrient-depleted African soils, is improved fallow with ‘fertilizer trees.’ Basically, one or a few (mixed) tree species, usually biological nitrogen fixers, are planted at high density as a substitute to natural fallow, to achieve the benefits of the latter in a shorter time of 2–3 years versus 15–20 years of natural fallow (Buresh and Cooper, 1999). Alley cropping’ means? In the temperate region as well as Australia, alley cropping refers to growing herbaceous (agricultural) crops in the alleys between rows of widely-planted trees that are planted in single or grouped rows (Figure 2). This means that goats can forage in between the trees and fertilize and even attract more flies for the Paw Paw’s unique pollination from these insects. The cut leafy material is spread over the crop area to provide nutrients. Besides, leguminous woody species add nitrogen to the system through biological nitrogen fixation. Groundhog Day Or Groundhog’s Day: What’s The Holiday Really Called? E.S. Ramachandran Nair, in Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2013. In the temperate region, alley cropping refers to growing agricultural (herbaceous) crops in the wide alleys between rows of trees; each tree row bordering the alley could be single-, double-, or multiple-row thick. Alley cropping can be viewed as recreating the structure of a savanna in an agroforestry system with multiple canopy layers consisting of a design that contains an overstory of nut trees, mid-layer of fruiting small trees and shrubs, and a groundcover of annual crops or perennial grass groundcover. In interpreting the results of these studies, some experts have used the data to defend alley cropping, others to denigrate it. Alley cropping is defined as the planting of rows of trees and/or shrubs to create alleys within which agricultural or horticultural crops are produced. 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