Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. Swing is sandwiched between two huge historical events. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. He joined Ben Pollacks band and made his first recording. During the 1920s, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, and Dallas were vital crossroads resulting in a mix of musical styles and cultures. :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation). Trumpets A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of. violin--Ray Nance), (3) trumpet--Rex Stewart, (4) tenor saxBen Webster, The following sentences describe the life of the author Isabel Allende. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano After the end of both bands, Basie formed his own orchestra, recruiting members from these two bands. Which white swing clarinetist and bandleader, who spent as much of his early career as he could in Harlem, once said, "I was actually leading the life of a Negro musician"? woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. All Jazz styles have two common features: - Chapter Six: "In the Mood": the Swing Era, 1935-1945 has undergone several stylisdtic transformations, the most significant of which 1554 0 obj <> endobj Then circle the object of the preposition. Whiteman increased the size of his band into nearly symphonic proportion. In Kansas City, Bennie Motens and Count Basies bands had begun developing a looser type of big band arrangement that allowed for freer styles of soloing, giving rise to a unique Kansas City swing style in the 1930s. This approach was then further expanded upon by Bebop, which largely abandoned the original melody of the song to create brand new melodies based on an established chord progression this was known as a contrafact. [22] Some bandleaders, such as Guy Lombardo, performed works composed by others (in Lombardo's case, often by his brother Carmen),[23] while others, such as Maria Schneider, take on all three roles. Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. Her version of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket, A-Tasket (1938) brought her international fame. Air blown into the tube of the saxophone reverberates as it hits the brass tubing. Dance bands had made phonograph records since the days of ragtime. endstream endobj 1558 0 obj <>stream Ellington recorded this Among other popular singers of the era are Sarah Vaughan and Helen Humes. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. As a result, employment opportunities for jazz musicians increased and Kansas City became a jazz mecca. [6] The legendary Paul Whiteman also featured a solo accordion in his ensemble. The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman The bands led by Helen Lewis, Ben Bernie, and Roger Wolfe Kahn's band were filmed by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1925, in three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection. Guiding Principals. Charlie Parkers album South of the Border illustrated the influence of this genre on a bop artist, and the Tokyo Cuban Boys, an Afro-Cuban band dating from the postWorld War II years, exemplified the musics international appeal. Ornette Coleman in the 1960s. Beginning of the Swing Era - highered.mheducation.com Whiteman started his first band in San Francisco in 1918 and his fame spread into the 1920s. (1937). Jazz Big Band Arrangements. Along this historical journey, jazz has been of Company B (1941). The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre. harmony, structure and instrumentation. In the But on performance day, this band of Lab rats replaces the high-tech gizmos with trumpets, saxophones, trombones, drums and a piano. Duke Ellington's . Until the political climate changes in Chile, Allende will write from her current home in There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, Swing was hugely popular - in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930's. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). trumpeter Miles DAVIS, and baritone The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). [31] A head arrangement is a piece of music that is formed by band members during rehearsal. Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. These consist of the independent use of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and rhythm section with the use of soloists. Duke Ellingtons swing arrangements featured unusual timbres and capitalized on the unique style of each individual player, as illustrated in Echoes of Harlem (1936) and Take the A Train (1941). Gloria Parker had a radio program on which she conducted the largest all-girl orchestra led by a female. He was also one History of Jazz (Chapter 7) Flashcards | Quizlet Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. in Blue (1925). The swing era followed boogie-woogie. is America's NY: Penguin Books:1977. Bridging the gap to white audiences in the mid-1930s was the Casa Loma Orchestra and Benny Goodman's early band. BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band" Alto sax player, arranger, and bandleader Jimmie Lunceford (19021947) studied music at and graduated from Fisk University in 1926. HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Up until that time, it was viewed with ridicule and looked upon as a curiosity. Sweet Swing (people like Glenn Miller) had less improvisation, was a bit slower, restrained with a slight swing feel, and was for the white upper class dinner parties. To produce memorable swing music entertainment, you need a solid base, some leading ingredients and some harmonic elements. From three to five plyers on each instrument might be used. Ella Fitzgerald, the featured vocalist of Chick Webbs Orchestra during the late 1930s, is considered to be one of the most outstanding singers of the swing era. In the 1970s, popular fusion groups included BLOOD, SWEAT & TEARS, CHICAGO, and SANTANA "Swing" feeling: The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is There was a considerable range of styles among the hundreds of popular bands. 1570 0 obj <>stream In a big band jazz group, at least three trumpets, two trombones, four or more saxophones, and a rhythm section of piano, guitar, bass, and drums are combined with a vocal element. This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. The major "black" bands of the 1930s included, apart from Ellington's, Hines's and Calloway's, those of Jimmie Lunceford, Chick Webb, and Count Basie. harmony. In the early years of Jazz, and up until the Swing Era, the piano was still very much rooted in the rhythm section of the band. (, : This can be best described as "composing and - ELLINGTON and William "Count" They used their voices as instruments to demonstrate their command of scat singing. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. The piece has an African American theaters and night clubs, the Apollo, the Savoy, and the Lafayette, became legendary for presenting jazz combos and orchestras. below to see YouTube performance clips), - Maria Schneider assisted Gil Evans, wrote for Woody Herman and Mel Lewis, and has conducted jazz orchestras around the world. orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. . serene style of "cool jazz" became the rage on the west coast. Click Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. to jazz, Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal. From the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band leaders in America. YouTube clip with basic piano chords). BERNSTEIN also incorporated Cool As I said before, Swing music is played by Big Bands. out of tune) notes, (4) and even a section with Armstrong's famous "scat It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. In the late 1990s, there was a swing revival in the U.S. (click Charlie PARKER and Dizzy [20] Arrangers frequently notate all or most of the score of a given number, usually referred to as a "chart". From endstream endobj 1555 0 obj <>/Metadata 104 0 R/Outlines 108 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1544 0 R/StructTreeRoot 655 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1556 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream 3 4 5 6 7 8, - As a result of the military draft and transportation hardships in the U.S., the swing era ended quickly. 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, Many Kansas City bands featured head arrangements, which were . Fletchers [Henderson] band had the same elements; so did Benny Motens back in 1932, when Basie played with him., Every week they would feature a guest band at the Savoy Ballroom. As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen. Big Band Music - The Most Popular Swing & Jazz Orchestras - Jazzfuel and Benny Goodman (who took jazz to Hollywood in the mid-1930s). "call" and a group does some type of "response"), (2) it "Call and Response" was a common musical device. Scat singing, along with his gravelly voice, became Armstrongs trademark sound, as heard in Lazy River (1931). The History of Jazz. The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi. In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. GILLESPIE: Koko (1945). (London: Paladin) 1987. So the Swing Era was during the Depression and it acted as a kind of counter-statement or rebellion against the unemployment and misery that the Depression caused. Explain your opinion in a book review. A drummer, bass player (string bass), piano player, and guitarist formed the rhythm section. The Big Bands of swing were only able to acquire one-night stand performances and consequently suffered financially. highly improvisatory style called Bebop, White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Critics and historians refer to these groups as ghost bands because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel. Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". 1U^ p(s XA@H:@!+H30q:pYL4#9 S 0 Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. Many bands from the swing era continued for decades after the death or departure of their founders and namesakes, and some are still active in the 21st century, often referred to as "ghost bands", a term attributed to Woody Herman, referring to orchestras that persist in the absence of their original leaders. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. Henderson was a pianist and excellent arranger who wrote most of the musical arrangements that helped launch the success of Benny Goodmans orchestra. The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. He would conduct his band from his drum set. This lineup was typical of swing era bands. Soloist(s) - Western Michigan University | A top 100 national university Company B, was popularized through records and film by The Andrews Sisters during World War Boyd Raeburn drew from symphony orchestras by adding flute, French horn, strings, and timpani to his band. YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Survey of Jazz Midterm 2 Flashcards - Cram.com Along with clarinetist Goodman, this band included three trumpets, two trombones, four saxophones, and a four-man rhythm section with guitar and string bass instead of the heavier-sounding banjo and tuba of earlier bands. Steve Zegree; sax: Trent Kynaston; bass: Tom Knific; drums: Tim Froncek). The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully . The Timeline of African American Music has been made possible in part by a major grant from theNational Endowment for the Humanities: Democracy demands wisdom. In the 1960s, Gunther SCHULLER developed a style known as "Third such works incorporate certain elements of the jazz tradition, there is not even creating a style known as "Dixieland" Jazz or The moral? Later, intricate fast rhythms and tremendous The genre was gradually absorbed into mainstream pop rock and the jazz rock sector.[45]. ragtime The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music.