why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558 why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. It had to deal with Irish . Spouse: None. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. 2. Mary was spared. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. The conspirators including Babington were all. Those who refused this were sent to prison. LS23 6AD Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. VAT reg no 816865400. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. Copy. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. 214 High Street, West Yorkshire, Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. Born: 7 September 1533. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. Why was France a threat? Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. From there we will look at the career . The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. Boston House, Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Boston Spa, In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Europe. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Company Reg no: 04489574. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. 1558 -french threat. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Write a paragraph or two. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages.